Esmalte

Mezcla de materias primas molidas para formar una, la cual se aplica por diferentes métodos sobre el cuerpo o engobe de la loseta cerámica, una vez cocida a alta temperatura, forma una capa de vidrio. Un esmalte está constituido principalmente de frita, feldespatos, arcillas y opacificantes.

Frita

La frita es un producto semielaborado, obtenido por fusión de las mezclas específicas de las materias primas en los hornos de fusión que pueden se de tipo continuo o discontinuo. En la practica industrial se le designa frita a una mezcla en los vidriados y en los esmaltes de baja temperatura para insolubilizar los componentes.

Esmaltado

Acabado brillante e impermeable en la cara de una pieza cerámica, compuesto de materiales cerámicos fusionados con el cuerpo de la pieza, sea ésta no vítrea, semivítrea, vítrea, o impermeable. Por ser resbaladiza, se evita en pisos, usándose en muros de preferencia interiores, y por lavarse fácilmente con agua, generalmente en cocinas y áreas de tina y regadera.

Horno

Contenedor compuesto de uno o dos espacios (cámara-hogar), provisto de medios para obtener calor, en el que se cuecen los objetos cerámicos. Según el tipo de combustible puede ser de leña, gasoil, gas y eléctrico.

PEI

El desgaste a la abrasión del esmalte de las baldosas se hace a través de la rotación de una carga abrasiva sobre la superficie y comparación visual de baldosas sometidas y no sometidas al ensayo. La clasificación de baldosas al desgaste abrasivo se llama PEI (Porcelain Enammel Institute) y varia de 1 a 5. – PEI I:tráfico residencial liviano, dormitorios y baños de vivienda. – PEI II:tráfico residencial moderado, residencial (excepto cocinas). – PEI III:tráfico residencial general, terrazas, habitación de hoteles. – PEI IV:tráfico comercial moderado, áreas de menor tránsito de lugares públicos, restaurantes, hoteles, hospitales. No recomendado para áreas de atención al público. – PEI V:tráfico comercial general, todo tipo de áreas del hogar, publico y comercial. Tráfico pesado.

Resistencia a la Flexión

Magnitud expresada en newtons por milímetro cuadrado (N/mm2), obtenida al dividir la fuerza de rotura por el cuadrado del grosor mínimo en la sección de rotura. Es decir, que se determina la resistencia a la flexión de una baldosa, aplicando una fuerza en el centro de la cara superior. Dicha fuerza va en aumento hasta que se rompa la baldosa.

Plantilla / Pantalla

Mascarilla para la decoración. Consta de hojas de diferentes materiales impermeables preparadas con una o más partes de la decoración recortadas. Fijándola sobre la superficie de la pieza a decorar y depositando por encima el color, se forma la decoración de la parte recortada.

Temperatura

Nivel de calor en el interior de un horno cerámico, medido en grados Centígrados o grados Fahrenheit. Baja temperatura: (800º C. a 1080º C.). Alta temperatura: (1100º C. a 1350º C.).

Cocción

Es el proceso fundamental del proceso tecnológico, ya que da origen al material cerámico, transformando las materias primas de la pasta en nuevos compuestos cristalinos y vítreos que confieren al producto cocido una propiedades concretas de insolubilidad y la solidez que garantizan el mantenimiento de la forma, la resistencia mecánica, la porosidad o la impermeabilidad, entre otras.

Viscosidad

Propiedad de ciertos vidriados a resistir a la fluidez, debido a la presencia de alúmina (Al2O3), grupo de óxidos neutros (R2O3), que neutraliza la acción del fundente.

Colorantes

Óxidos metálicos como los de cobre, hierro, cobalto manganeso y otros, que sirven para colorear pastas, engobes y vidriados cerámicos. Son muy característicos: el azul de cobalto, el verde de cobre, el amarillo de hierro y el marrón de manganeso. El color resultante se puede cambiar o transformar, según sea la atmósfera oxidante o reductora.

Engobe

Es una cubierta a base de arcilla con un acabado mate, que puede ser permeable o impermeable. También se define como una Pasta arcillosa formando una barbotina que aumenta la adhesión sobre el soporte cerámico y que puede aplicarse sobre el soporte crudo o cocido, aportándole color.

Deslizamiento

Movimiento descendente de una baldosa colocada sobre una superficie vertical o inclinada con una capa de adhesivo peinado. Se determina según la Norma Europea EN 1308.

Engobe

Es una cubierta a base de arcilla con un acabado mate, que puede ser permeable o impermeable. También se define como una Pasta arcillosa formando una barbotina que aumenta la adhesión sobre el soporte cerámico y que puede aplicarse sobre el soporte crudo o cocido, aportándole color.

Dureza superficial

Es la oposición que ofrecen los materiales a alteraciones como la penetración, la abrasión, el rayado, la cortadura, y las deformaciones permanentes entre otras.

Escala de Mohs

Relación de dureza que existe entre diez minerales, ordenados de menor a mayor. Se basa en el principio de que un material puede rayar a otros materiales blandos, sin que suceda lo contrario. La escala de dureza de Mohs es la siguiente: – Talco – yeso – calcita – fluorita – apatito – feldespato – cuarzo – topacio – corindón – corindón

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